Richard Rodriguezs Writing Style

Richard Rodriguez has become one of the most controversial figures of study today. In his writing, â€Å"The Achievement of Desire† Rodriguez gives a narration of his life while recounting the reasons and the ways in which he educated himself. Notably, he is not the only author who narrates about his life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Richard Rodriguez’s Writing Style specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Malcolm X also wrote a narrative about his experiences. However, it is necessary to note that Rodriguez’s writing as well as the work by Malcolm X is very intimate. However, Rodriguez’s writing is more efficient as the author uses winning writing strategies. Thus, this essay aims to argue that Richard Rodriguez is a more effective writer by considering issues of word choice and writing style. Rodriguez gives a narration of the path of his educational career in his writing. The author us es emotional appeal to incorporate writing styles such as first person narration, comparison and contrast, and evidence: aspects of writing with style that makes his revelations fascinating, thus an excellent writer (Vonnegut 27). Having laid down the fact that he was a scholarship boy, Rodriguez, in a strategic manner, makes use of the first person narration technique to underline his inner struggles as a scholarship boy. He plays his own informant by using his voice to narrate what he went through, â€Å"I intended to hurt my mother and father. I was still angry at them† (Rodriguez 601). Additionally, by using his own voice, he makes the story even more original. Malcolm X also uses first person narration. His writing is intimate as he reveals his emotions and ideas, â€Å"I became increasingly frustrated at not being able to express what I wanted to convey in letters that I wrote† (Malcolm X 78). The author highlights the time he spent in jail. Of course, such kind of experience makes the reader sympathise the writer. With the help of the first person narration, the author achieves a very special effect. He shares his emotions and he does not alienate himself from the events he is revealing. Of course, this is one of the most effective writing techniques. It is possible to note that Malcolm X manages to write a more appealing paper. Thus, Rodriguez simply narrates about his experiences. However, Malcolm X addresses the reader, â€Å"As you can imagine, especially in prison†¦ an inmate was smiled upon† (80). It seems that Malcolm X is simply having a friendly and even frank conversation. This is a very strong writing technique. It is possible to note that Rodriguez’s writing lacks this technique.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, Rodriguez’s writing has features that make his writing more effective tha n that of Malcolm X. Thus, a common writing strategy that Rodriguez employs in his essay is comparison and contrast. The author uses comparison when contemplating his relationships with parents and teachers. At the beginning of the essay, Rodriguez compares his father with the scholarship boy when he cites the statement of Hoggart that â€Å"[f]ather says intermittently whatever comes into his head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (599). Relatively, Rodriguez talks about the scholarship boy that â€Å"the boy must rehearse his thoughts and raise his hand before speaking out† (599). These instances depict the father as being unthinking, unpredictable, and confused as he speaks whatsoever comes into his mind. The scholarship boy, on the other hand, is by contrast a well-behaved, contemplative and tolerant person. These statements point out how the scholarship boy and his father are enormously dissimilar. The boy is advanced and civilized, whereas the father is unenlightened and uncivilized. Anot her example of comparison and contrast is that of the school and the parents of the scholarship boy. The author reveals the difference between the two spheres, his family and his school: From his mother and father the boy learns to trust spontaneity and non-traditional ways of knowing†¦ Teachers emphasize the value of a reflectiveness that opens a space between thinking and immediate action. (Rodriguez 599) This assertion illustrates the decreasing relationship between the boy and his parents. When it comes to the writing of Malcolm X, there are almost no comparisons. The author simply provides some of his ideas on various topics. He uses comparison occasionally and this makes his writing a bit plain. Moreover, Rodriguez makes use of short phrases to display his lonesomeness and some other feelings he experiences. Oftentimes, he uses single-sentence words like â€Å"Sad†¦ Enthusiastic†¦ Eager†¦ Enthralled and Nervous†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (602).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Richard Rodriguez’s Writing Style specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Separation of these phrases represents the state of solitariness that he feels while simultaneously expressing the mixed feelings resulting from his educational achievements. This pithy style describes the vague plight of his state of affairs and sets a tone of incertitude. He is eager to study yet refuses to acknowledge his withdrawal from his onetime family lifestyle (Rodriguez 602). In contrast to Rodriguez, Malcolm X uses quite difficult structures and ‘smart’ words. Of course, the author is writing about serious things but he choose quite complicated words: I perceived, as I read, how the collective white man had been actually nothing but a practical opportunist who used Faustian machinations to make his own Christianity his initial wedge in criminal conquest. (Malcolm X 83) In fact, the entire writing consists of such sentences, which are quite difficult to comprehend. It is important to note that this is one of the major shortcomings of the writing by Malcolm X. He uses too many long and difficult words instead of using short words and simple structures. The use of difficult words makes the writing quite difficult to follow. The reader has to make extra effort to follow the writer’s ideas. This makes the writing quite ineffective. The reader can fail to understand the author’s idea while struggling with the words and structures. Of course, over simplicity is also bad, but Malcolm X is too deliberate while choosing words. On the contrary, Rodriguez writes in simple words, which makes his paper easy to follow. The reader feels relaxed and enjoys reading it. Of course, Rodriguez’s writing is more effective. In conclusion, Rodriguez has shown effectual use of writing styles such as use of short phrases, first person narration, comparison and contrast, and evidence. Therefo re, in my opinion, Rodriguez is really an efficient writer as his writing makes the reader understand how scholarship students will ineluctably belittle their relationship with their family eventually forgetting their background, as they become newly learned individuals. Notably, Malcolm X is very intimate. He uses the first person narration quite effectively. He also addresses the reader, which enhances the effect of certain intimacy and frankness. However, Malcolm X does not use comparison and this makes his paper a bit plain. Finally, Malcolm X uses complicated structures, which makes his writing difficult to follow. Therefore, Rodriguez is indeed a more efficient writer than Malcolm X.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Malcolm X. Learning to Read. n.d. Web. Rodriguez, Richard. Hunger of Memory: An Autobiography; the Education of Richard Rodrà ­guez. Boston, MA: Godine, 1982. Vonnegut, Kurt. How to Write with Style. New York, NY: International Paper Company, 1980. This essay on Richard Rodriguez’s Writing Style was written and submitted by user Julissa C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Traditions Customs of Great Britain free essay sample

Traditions A ; Customs of Great Britain. Every state and every state has its ain imposts and traditions. In Britian traditions play more importaint portion in the life of the people than in some other states. Englishmans are proud of their traditions and carefully maintain them up. It has been the jurisprudence for about three hundred old ages that all the theaters are closed on Sundays no letters are delivered merely a few Sunday documents are publshed. To this twenty-four hours English households prefer cotage houses with gardens to flats in a modern house with cardinal heeting. English people like gardens. Sometimes the garden in forepart of the house is a small square covered with cement painted green ( in imitation of grass ) and a box of flowers. In English houses the fire-place has ever been the Centre of involvement in a room. For many months of the twelvemonth people like to sit round the fire and watch the dance fires. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditions Customs of Great Britain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fire topographic points are decorated with woodworks, there is a picture or a mirror over it. Above the fire there is normally a shelf with a clock and some exposure. Holydays are particularly rich in old traditions and are different in cotland, Wales and England. Christmas is a great English national holyday and in Scotland it is non kept at all exeept by clerks in Bankss, all the stores and mills are working. But 6 yearss subsequently on the New Year s Eve the Scots Begin to bask themselves. Peoples invite their friends to their houses and sit the old twelvemonth out and the new twelvemonth in. In England on new Year s Eve a batch of people go to Trafalgar Square, at midnight, they all cross their weaponries fall in custodies and sing. Peoples have parties excessively, they drink toarts to the New Year Children are happy to hold nowadayss. Four times a twelvemonth the offices and Bankss in Britain are closed on Monday. These public vacations are known as Bank Holidays. The British like to pass vacations out of the town in the unfastened air. They go to the sea-side or to amusements Parkss. Londoners frequently visit the Zoo, outside London they take their households to Hamsted Heath [ h # 1085 ; mstidhi @ ] a big natural park excessively. There is normally a large carnival with many different amusements for kids merry-go-round, swings marionette shows, bright baloons. One must besides talk about such vacations ass All Fools Day, Halloween Bonfire Night, St. Valentines Day and such tradition as Eisteddfod ( a festival of which civilization ) .

John Stuart Mills essays

John Stuart Mills essays John Stuart Mill was one of the most well regarded and widely renowned philosophers and economists in history. He was considered a philosophical genius by the age of 20, and was mainly taught only by his father. His father believed that he should be educated and be taught many different languages and philosophies to become a well-rounded individual. When he had to end his studies early in life because of a mental breakdown at the age of 20, he soon recovered and was something different than when he first studied. Not long after he recovered he showed how different he was than his father and began writing in the Westminster review. He has widely been known for his views on liberalism that he showed in On Liberty. Mill believed that the individual was essentially sovereign over his own mind and body, a belief known as individual autonomy. The only thing individuals could do justifiably to violate other individuals' autonomies was in pursuit of self-protection, where the other individuals had broken into theirs first. Millsian philosophy was completely against negative liberty, or the absence of restraint, chaos. However, on the other end of the spectrum, Mill also opposed the tyranny the majority could impose on any minority, particularly the individual, by way of legislative control. Mill strongly believed in the practice and respect of law, and that minorities of any sort should be protected and only suppressed if the greatest good for the greatest number was being harmed in a judicially illegal way as to harm the general populace, although he never set an objective standard as to what was or was not harmf ul to the majority. It is of no surprise that he also supported individual freedom of thought and expression on the grounds of individual autonomy and minority protection. He stated that such freedom would encourage and not interfere with individual development, both social a ...

How To Use Si, the Word for If in Spanish

How To Use Si, the Word for If in Spanish Usually, if and its Spanish equivalent, si, are used to form what are known as conditional sentences. Although the rules of Spanish grammar for conditional sentences can get complex, in the vast majority of cases the main thing you need to know is which verb tense to use after si. Verb Tense in Spanish If Sentences The first thing is to remember that except in very rare cases, si is never followed by a verb in the present-tense subjunctive mood. That said, there are basically two types of si clauses that become part of a sentence: Sentences in which the condition is likely or reasonably likely. This is known grammatically as an open condition. For example, in the clause si llueve (if it rains), rain is seen as a distinct possibility.Sentences in which the condition is contrary to fact or is unlikely. For example, the clause si lloviera can be translated as if it were to rain. Note the difference in meaning from the example above; in this case, while rain is a possibility, it is seen as unlikely. An example of a contrary-to-fact condition is a clause such as si yo fuera rico, if I were rich. Grammatically, contrary-to-fact and unlikely conditions are treated the same way. The correct verb tense following si can be observed in the above examples. In open conditions, conditions where the possibility is reasonably likely, si is followed by the present indicative tense (the most common tense, probably the first one you learned as a Spanish student). If the condition is unlikely or false, a past subjunctive (usually the imperfect subjunctive) is used. This is the case even when the condition is something that refers to the present. In Spanish, as in English, the si clause can either precede or follow the rest of the sentence. Thus a sentence such as si llueve voy de compras (if it rains Im going shopping) is the equivalent of voy de compras si llueve (Im going shopping if it rains). Sample Sentences Using Si Here are some examples of open conditions: Si tengo dinero, me irà © de viaje. (If I have money, Ill go on a trip. The fact of having money is seen as reasonably likely.)Si la casa es usada, le aconsejamos que un profesional la inspeccione. (If the house is used, we advise that you have a professional inspect it. A sentence like this might be used in giving advice, where the condition here is seen as a real possibility.)Si lo quieres,  ¡pà ­delo! (If you want it, ask for it!)Van a salir si el presidente y los otros ladrones ganan las elecciones. (They are going to leave if the president and the other thieves win the elections.)Si sales, salgo tambià ©n. (If you leave, Im leaving too.)Si gana Sam, voy a llorar. (If Sam wins, Ill cry.) Here are some examples of unlikely or contrary-to-fact conditions: Si yo fuera tà º, tomarà ­a una responsabilidad propia. (If I were you, I would take appropriate responsibility. There is no possibility that I will become you.)Si yo tuviera dinero, irà ­a al cine. (If I had the money, I would go to the movies. The speaker is saying she doesnt have the money. If the present tense were used, si tengo dinero, she would be saying there is a reasonable likelihood of having money.)Mi hermana irà ­a muchas veces a la playa si supiera nadar. (My sister would go to the beach often if she knew how to swim.)Si ella hubiera tenido dinero, habrà ­a ido al cine. (If she had had the money, she would have gone to the movies.)Si ganara Sam, llorarà ­a. (If Sam were to win, Id cry.) A Quick Note About Writing The word si should not be confused with sà ­, a common word of affirmation, often translated as yes. The latter word is always spelled with a written or orthographic accent to distinguish the two, although they are pronounced identically. Key Takeaways When si (meaning if) is followed by a verb, the verb is in the present indicative if the condition stated is true or probable.When si is followed by a verb, the verb is in a past subjunctive if the condition stated is false or improbable.The past subjunctive is used for improbabilities even if the condition stated is one that applies to the present time.

Business law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business law - Case Study Example Based on the second case, Buchanan County and Davis also committed negligent retention of Batz as an employee despite several complaints of misconduct against him (Batz). Evidence presented in the second case included recommendations by Lieutenant Furness, to Davis, proposing termination of Batz as a canine handler. Evidence by Captain Hepke also proposed disciplinary actions against Batz. Davis disregarded all the complaints about Batz as submitted by different parties. On the first instance, a jury returned a ruling that favored Kiesau and offered her $ 160, 000 as compensation. For the second instance, the court ruled against Kiesau by dismissing the negligent supervision and retention claims against Buchanan County & Davis. Argument: Under the laws on negligent hiring and retention applicable in Iowa State, Buchanan County & Davis, were liable for wrongful conduct by facilitating Bazt’s tortious actions through failure to act on several recommendations and complaints. Issues: Were the Republic of France and the French lines liable for the resultant injuries owing to obvious laxity in rules and regulation on smoking at the port loading and offloading bay backing constitution of approximate cause? Rule: If the subsequent action, force, or occurrences that are evident as direct contributors to the injuries suffered by the plaintiff were not probable, many juries hold that it is an intervening cause. Subsequently it pardons the defendant of liability from dangers that trace back directly from the superseding cause. Complainant the US government reason that the French cargo ship crew did not task up, the complainant argue that the crew should have foreseen risk of explosion from the transported FGAN, which is in normal regulations set by the governing bodies on transportation of hazardous materials deem fire hazard. The ammonium nitrate gas is explosive if exposed to combusting materials. With this knowledge,

Week 5 Individual Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Week 5 Individual Assignment - Essay Example is one-tailed (Left tailed) and we want to determine whether there has been a reduction in the weight of individuals who joined Weight Reducers International. Since the z-test statistic is less than -1.645 therefore at the 5% significance level, we have sufficient evidence to conclude that those who will join Weight Reducers International on average will lose less than 10 pounds. Dole Pineapple, Inc., is concerned that the 16-ounce can of sliced pineapple is being overfilled. Assume the standard deviation of the process is .03 ounces. The quality control department took a random sample of 50 cans and found that the arithmetic mean weight was 16.05 ounces. At the 5 percent level of significance, can we conclude that the mean weight is greater than 16 ounces? Determine the p-value. We will reject the null hypothesis if the z-test statistic is greater than 1.645 (z > 1.645) since the test is one-tailed (Right tailed) and we want to determine whether 16-ounce can of sliced pineapple is being overfilled. A recent article in The Wall Street Journal reported that the 30-year mortgage rate is now less than 6 percent. A sample of eight small banks in the Midwest revealed the following 30-year rates (in percent): We will reject the null hypothesis if t-test statistic is less than -2.998 since the test is one-tailed (left tailed) and we want to determine whether the 30-year mortgage rate is now less than 6 percent Since the t-test statistic is greater than -2.998 therefore we will not reject the null hypothesis. At 1% significance level we have sufficient evidence to conclude that the 30-year mortgage rate is not less than 6 percent. The minimum significance level (p-value) at which the null hypothesis can be rejected is between 5% and 10% since the value -1.61 lies in between -1.415 and -1.895 for a t-distribution with degrees of freedom = 7 The null hypothesis is that there is no difference in the population mean number of times men and women buy take-out dinner in

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Paper 2 - Essay Example Researchers such as Brown, Day and Sherrard discovered the correlation between summarizing, plagiarizing and patch writing (Howard, Tricia & Tanya 179). These three despite their distinct differences are all forms of plagiarism and many academic institutions recognize them as such. The academic integrity policies of various academic institutions treat patchwriting as plagiarism. Patchwriting involves the copying heavily from a source that is a writer chooses to paraphrase his or her cited sources too closely (Howard, Tricia & Tanya 179). Many academicians argue that patchwriting is not a serious academic offence; however, it is a form of academic dishonesty. The academic integrity policies refer to it as a moral failure. By patchwriting, a student fails to display his or her mastery of the subject being tested. It displays the lack of effort in understanding the content and fosters habits that are detrimental to the learning process. Patchwriting is often because of writers trying to summarize or paraphrase cited texts. Patchwriting is not only confined to students, but professors also fall victim to this act. According to Roig, a substantial number of psychology professor patchwrite content that is not in their field (Howard, Tricia & Tanya 179). Other researchers such as Howard argue that patchwriting is a form of learning tactic employed by students and not a literary crime (Howard, Tricia & Tanya 179). Non-native speakers of English patchwrite their academic work despite their academic level. In Pecorari’s research on patchwriting (), it was found that non-native English speaking students used this technique even in their dissertations (Howard, Tricia & Tanya 179). These findings were collaborated by Shi (2004) who researched the practice in Chinese college students. The Marymount University Academic Integrity Policy details the values and principles that aid in maintaining academic integrity in the institution. Academic integrity, in this

Alcohol Abuse in Adolescents and Personality Essay

Alcohol Abuse in Adolescents and Personality - Essay Example Today, however, we will be considering the link between alcoholic abuse in adolescents and personality by reflecting upon two of the major personality traits that researchers believe to be indicative of Alcohol is the most commonly used substance among Australian adolescents. In 2001, the National Drug Strategy Household Survey reported that approximately two-thirds of 14-17 year-olds used alcohol, with almost one-fifth admitting that they consumed alcohol on a regular basis, while the Australian Temperament Project (ATP) revealed that some 25 percent of 13-14 year-olds had used alcohol within the previous month. The project also reported a serious increase in the amount of adolescents using alcohol, with 60 percent of 15-16 year-olds, and 85 percent of 17-18 year-olds, having consumed alcohol within the past month (Smart, Vassallo, Sanson, Richardson, Dussuyer et al.2003). The misuse of alcohol among adolescents is an increasingly serious problem. Although it has been shown that many teenagers do not suffer from alcohol-related problems (Bonomo, Coffey, Wolfe, et al., 2001), there exists a large sub-group who engage in dangerous levels of drinking. The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW 2003), for example, reported that approximately 35 percent of 14-17 year-olds, and 64 percent of 18-24 year-olds, consume high-risk levels of alcohol. The incidence of dangerous drinking patterns was even higher among Australia's Indigenous youth (AIHW 2003). Alcohol and Personality - Current Literature An Australian survey (Shanahan & Hewit, 1999), which was conducted in order to discover the needs of a national alcohol campaign, reported that adolescents aged between 15-17 years identified the major influences in their use of alcohol as being: The desire to try new experiences (79%); the need to socialise with peers (77%); peer pressure (68%); a way of escaping from their problems (66%); and trying to dispel feelings of inadequacy/insecurity (66%). Other literature has also revealed similar results. Labouvie (1990) and Maggs (1997), for example, found that some adolescents used alcohol in relation to psychosocial adjustment and functioning. However, alcohol abuse and dependency usually results from a progressive development, which involves the dynamic interplay of a wide variety of influences spread over a long period of time.The way in which personality affects this process has received widespread research and/or study, through which it has been shown that; "By the first grade, or earlier, children show temperament and behaviour traits that are powerful indicators of their inclination to use and abuse drugs in their teenage and adult years. Researchers have identified not only common childhood risk factors and behaviours that predict drug abuse potential but also protective factors that shield some children from influences to use drugs" (Neil Swan, 1995). A number of long-range studies, which traced 1,242 at-risk children over a twenty-year period, identified two important risk factors predicting future alcoholic abuse. These were, shyness - described as "sitting alone, having few friends and not

Aggressive Breast Cancer Vs.Suicide Rates Term Paper

Aggressive Breast Cancer Vs.Suicide Rates - Term Paper Example To achieve my goal, I collected data from the American Cancer Society of both the suicidal rates and aggressive breast cancer rate from thirty states in United States randomly. This data is more recent (2010). Breast cancer is one of the most fatal and prevalent of all killer diseases and ranks in the top three killers of women in the USA, though it also affects men. Meanwhile there has been an association of the aggressive breast cancer with suicides in the United States. In this study, I will conduct statistical test to verify this relationship of aggressive breast cancer with rates of suicides. My hypothetical theory is that victims of the aggressive breast cancer are more prone to commit suicide. I anchor my theory to the worrying trend of the increasing mental anxiety and depression among the aggressive breast cancer patients. To achieve my objective of linking suicide rates to aggressive breast cancer condition, I collected data for the suicides rates and aggressive breast cancer from thirty states. I subjected this data to statistical analysis to establish a link in these two variables. These states were collected randomly. PRESENTATION OF RAW DATA AND DISCUSSION ARRAY OF ALL DATA FROM THE THIRTY STATES Presentation of data on arrayed form with discussion   Table 1: Female Breast Cancer Incidence and Suicide Rates in thirty states (2002-2006) State Breast Cancer Incidence Suicide Rates Alabama 114.9 23.2 Alaska 128.9 22.0 Arkansas 113.9 22.8 California 128.0 23.9 Colorado 123.7 22.6 Connecticut 137.5 24.3 Delaware 123.8 23.5 Florida 115.9 21.8 Georgia 120.7 22.5 Hawaii 139.1 21.7 Idaho 118.7 22.5 Illinois 124.1 24.2 Indiana 115.1 24.2 Iowa 124.3 22.8 Kansas 125.2 24.2 Kentucky 118.8 24.4 Maine 128.0 23.4 Massachusetts 134.6 24.4 Missouri 122.2 25.3 Montana 118.8 23.0 Nevada 115.1 24.9 New Jersey 132.6 27.3 New Mexico 115.6 23.4 Oklahoma 127.6 25.0 Oregon 130.5 24.2 Pennsylvania 124.1 25.9 Rhode Island 129.6 23.5 South Carolina 121.2 22.8 Virginia 121.4 24.4 Wyoming 118.2 22.9 Source: Source Incidence 4, 2009 Data which is to be subjected to statistical tests for ascertain the relationship of the two v ariables. The data is listed alphabetically according to states Array of aggressive breast cancer incidence in thirty states data, in descending order State Aggressive Breast Cancer Incidence Suicide Rates 1. Hawaii 139.1 21.7 2. Connecticut 137.5 24.3 3. Massachusetts 134.6 24.4 4. New Jersey 132.6 27.3 5. Oregon 130.5 24.2 6. Rhode Island 129.6 23.5 7. Alaska 128.9 22.0 8. California 128.0 23.9 9. Maine 128.0 23.4 10. Oklahoma 127.6 25.0 11. Kansas 125.2 24.2 12. Iowa 124.3 22.8 13. Illinois 124.1 24.2 14. Pennsylvania 124.1 25.9 15. Delaware 123.8 23.5 16. Colorado 123.7 22.6 17. Missouri 122.2 25.3 18. Virginia 121.4 24

Chicken Production Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chicken Production - Case Study Example Furthermore, optimizing the design and performance decisive factor for facilities and equipment, as well as set up industry-wide guidelines (i.e., plan principles), will benefit the whole industry by civilizing efficiency of manufacturers (i.e., one design vs. multiple) and plummeting contamination and following product recalls. Leading characteristics of a diversity of classes, breeds and varieties of chickens; essential Mendalian concepts of legacy; the mechanism of qualitative and quantitative legacy; heritability of quantitative traits; objectives of poultry propagation for meat and egg production; systems of breeding plus their meaning; pure breed vs present day hybrid used for meat and egg production; the position of assortment in genetic development; assortment methods; culling and its meaning; factors pressure egg size and work of art; growth and sexual adulthood; ovary, The requirements plus specifications for poultry production buildings depends on which climatic area the production is situated in, and the kind of production. No doubt, day-old chicks from the hatchery are placed in the brooder rings upon influx. According to the expert analysis, broilers that have reached a known size may be given access to the whole barn. Furthermore, broiler chickens are kept in great, complete houses with a bottomless layer of litter (such as sawdust, chopped straw or shredded newspaper) on the floor. The grow-out stage lasts 35 - 45 days before the broilers reach market heaviness and is bring to the slaughterhouse (Parkhurst, C.R. and G.J. 1997). Principles of Building Construction Furthermore, every profitable poultry production is batch based characteristically 42 days or 12 months depending on production. Following each batch the birds are detached, the manure is detached and the buildings are cleaned and clean. Subsequent to a period of time, a latest batch is located in the building. Moreover, the building has routine feeding, watering, temperature control and airing systems. Buildings may be either of course ventilated (air alter due to wind) or automatically ventilated (where air is drawn into the buildings from side to side vents due to a unenthusiastic pressure created by means of wall fans that tire out inside air) Moreover, the production facilities are kept as stopped up units with strict control on access by employees and corporation. No doubt, eggs may be washed prior to sale, make waste water waste matter containing natural matter. Linked infrastructure ordinary to broilers and egg layers includes silos for feed think, manure storage space facilities and containers for deceased birds (Etches, R.J. 1996). Poultry Building Fabric Thermal Analysis To Planning For Reduced Production Costs If we analyzed then we come to know that personified energy varies extremely between poultry

Strategic Analysis Of Wholesale Company Costco Marketing Essay

Strategic Analysis Of Wholesale Company Costco Marketing Essay This report has performed a brief strategic analysis of the internal resources and external factors that affect Costco. The report includes an over view of the firms strategies using Porters five force model as well as a SWOT analysis of the firm. The report illustrates why Costco remains the Anti-Wal-Mart using aggressive scare tactics to achieve the lowest possible prices for its customers even if it means dropping high brand names. The report includes recommendations for the wholesalers, the main one being to carry on with their current successful strategies in order to maintain the fight for industry leadership and further their globalisation in to Eastern countries 1.0 Introduction to Costco Costco is a wholesale cash and carry, which operates through warehouses using a membership only service. The company sells high quality, private label merchandise at low prices to businesses buying for commercial use as well as individuals that are members of specific employment groups , for example NHS or government employees. The basis of the company is to achieve high sale volumes and rapid inventory turnover, offering a limited array of merchandise, with a wide product category at low prices (www.costco.co.uk). Additionally Costco operates customer services ranging from health insurance to financial planning. The main competitor of the company is Wal-Marts -Sams club within the US, although they have 200 more stores operating in ten more states than Costco , Sams club does not experience the same revenues. Yet there is still a constant battle for increased market share with newer entrants such as BJs Wholesale Club (Hughes, 2007). Operating internationally the company has divisio ns in the US, Canada, Mexico, UK, Taiwan, Japan and Korea, Australia and an internet site operational in the US and Canada. Some of the stores include pharmacies, food courts, opticians, photo centres, travel desks and hearing aid centres within the warehouses. The company also operates 307 petrol stations with some of the US and Canada stores. Named as the only company Wal-Mart fears James Signal (2004) of Costco has captured a breed of urban sophisticates, who trade up for exiting products and trade down to private labels of more prosaic products (Duff,2009). 2.0 Costco existing missions/strategies Costcos Mission Statement; To continually provide our members with quality goods and services at the lowest possible prices (www.findarticles.com) In order to sell at the lowest possible prices Costco implement various pricing strategies through bargaining with suppliers and only adding a maximum mark up of 14% to each product, even in cases where demand is high as CEO Signal stated you always give the customer the best deal'(Shapiro, 2004). Costco falls into the Overall Price Leadership category one of Porters four generic competitive strategies (Mitchell, 2001). Price leadership is achieved by implementing a successful strategy using continual exceptional efforts to reduce costs, without excluding services or products which customers perceive to be essential. There strategies include; ? Low advertising costs to keep merchandise price down, using word of mouth ? High employee wages to retain employees and reduce new staff that would require training ? Merchandise stock on pallets to reduce labour and allow for maximum sales ? Inventory system detects items that are reaching thresh hold for re order ? Just in time approach to reduce over stock, buying direct from manufacturers and sent directly to warehouses within 24 hours ? Provide low prices through volume buying ? Willing to change manufacturers to gain the best possible price on a product 3.0 Strategic Management Costco Strategic management shows an ability to develop and sustain competitive advantage, resulting in of added value to their brand (Ramachandran et al, 2006). Illustrated by Costcos rise in net income by 1.1% to $266 million and revenue soared to $71.4 Billion compared to Sams club at $46.8 billion and BJs at $10 billion for the first fiscal quarter ended Nov 22nd 2009 (Business News, 2009) compared to Wal-Mart net sales which increased by 1.2%. The just in time approach implemented by the company means products are sold for cash before the payment to the suppliers is due ,creating a high operating cash flow. This operating advantage improves Costcos working capital and efficiency, resulting in a long lasting value difference in the product, compared to the competitors and as perceived by the customers (Duncan et al, 1988). 4.0 Porters Five Forces The nature of competition in an industry rely on five forces including; the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of new entrants, the bargaining power of customers, the bargaining power of suppliers and the threat of substitute products or services (Porter, 1979). These are all competitors that may be more or less prominent or active depending on the industry. A companys awareness of Porters five forces can allow the organisation to stake out a position within its industry that is less vulnerable to attack (Bruton, 2008). 4.1 The threat of new entrants- medium threat There are many potential new entrants into the industry, which could pose as a threat including, wholesale clubs, discounters and hypermarkets such as Aldi and Netto, which are both limited range discounters. Other large existing wholesale competitors such as Wal-Mart could gain market share through acquisition giving them new resources. However, barriers to entry in to the wholesale food industry are relatively high, as huge costs would be involved in imitating established distribution networks, brand name and financial capital that Costco have established. Furthermore it is unlikely customers will switch to a competitor when they have already paid a yearlong membership fee (Costco reported 85% of cardholders renewed their membership in 2009, www.phx.corporate-ir.net). 4.2 Bargaining power of suppliers-low/medium threat The bargaining power of Costco sells to many business owners, the power over their suppliers is very high, as suppliers are forced to cut prices to lessen the risk of them losing their contract. Costco have a small range of brands for each product, yet sell high quantities. They could be losing a large amount of sales compared to Wholesalers like Wal-Mart, whom give customers a larger amount of choice and therefore spread their sales between suppliers. Furthermore Costco have proven they are willing to lose even major brands to improve their leverage, margins and lower prices, forcing suppliers to compete amongst themselves and with the wholesalers cheaper own brand products. Highlighted through Costcos most recent decision to stop selling Coca-Cola in a pricing dispute due to growing power of private labels, by using details received from loyalty cards retailers are more aware of which brands to keep and lose (Neff, 2009). 4.3 Bargaining power of customers- low threat According to Bruton (2007) the threat is low because there is only a small concentration of wholesale buyers, predominantly middle class consumers, small business owners and families. The latter two however have a greater power over the higher and middle class customers as they would buy to satisfy needs rather than luxury items. They are likely to resort to finding alternative stores such as competitors to get what they want at the price they can afford to pay for their regular purchases, due to the growth and alternative availability in discount stores. 4.4 The threat of substitute products- low threat The threat of substitutes limits the profit potential of the wholesale industry by identifying the effectiveness of volume of sales at a particular price level. Substitutes include specialised stores, for instance The Home Depot in America and BQ in the UK competing against the non-food sales through discounting as well as hypermarkets. For these reasons, the threat of substitutes is low for the wholesale notion. However, there is an increased threat to particular sections such as furniture and electronics especially because supermarkets are now selling a wider array of products for example Tescos. A further threat is e-commerce businesses and sites such as EBay focusing on the customer directly (Bruton, 2007). 4.5 Rivalry among competitors-medium threat Rivalry between competitors in the growing wholesale industry is particularly low because the three main competitors concentrate on different consumer groups. Furthermore price wars are minimal due to the lack of advertising with the rivals especially Costco. However as Costco is gaining strength through globalisation, there are different levels of threats in particular countries. 5.0 SWOT analysis The basis of strategic management is the notion that strategy creates an alignment between an enterprises internal strength and weaknesses as well as its opportunities and threats (SWOT) in its external environment (Andrews, 1987). The following table illustrates alignments factors within and outside of Costco; 6.0 External factors Focusing on the external, broader environment in which the company operates it is clear the next stage in the Costco globalisation process would be expansion. Due to the fierce market in the US and saturation a large opportunity for the company would be to enter the Chinese and Eastern European market and according to Baker (2001) Globalisation of the markets is at hand. Competitor Wal-Mart have already entered the fast growing market in China through purchasing 35% of the recognised hypermarket- Trust-Mart. The alliance benefits Wal-Mart , gaining expertise in operations and logistics and allow Chinese consumers to build trust with their brand name- an important part of their culture. Globalisation forms markets where economies of scale lead to reduction of costs and prices according to Baker (2001). Therefore, Costco may have to adapt their strategy when entering new countries due to the barriers of entry; it would be difficult to compete with local companies that are already established as well as suppliers to cut prices as low as they do in the West. The main threat to Costco currently is online speciality stores, which can compete through lower operating costs and manufacturing abroad thus increasing the power of existing buyers. The economic slowdown in 2007 with the credit crunch attracted more customers to the company due to its low prices and bulk products which allowed customers to stretch their money in the economic crisis enabling sales to grow by 13% by 2008. However the net income still decreased by 15.3% by 2009 as of the weakened economy. Even fiercer pricing strategies reduced the impact of the recession by reducing costs on a range of popular products two weeks before the reduction came through anticipated from manufacturers. Thus allowing them to get ahead of competition by taking advantage of the opportunity to attract customers through surrendering their profit (Duff, 2009). 7.0 Conclusions From carrying out the report on one of the leading wholesale suppliers it is clear they refuse to buy from suppliers that are not willing to pass on the reduction in manufacturing costs on to Costco. They are willing to remove high named brands from their shelves if they think they are being charged too much for the product. Through these publicly made choices it seems clear that Costco are on the customers side when it comes to prices, and are willing to lose profit to satisfy their customers. Both the Porters Five Forces Model and the SWOT analysis identify the main internal and external threats to the company, the highest threat of all being the power of suppliers. Costcos strategy of merging high wages with innovative ideas, and low cost products highlights that consumers, workers and shareholders can all benefit from a cost-leadership strategy. 8.0 Recommendations ? Continuation with their current successful pricing strategies of low prices and high volumes in order to maintain barriers against buyer power, supplier power and new entrants. Porters low cost leadership will also allow growth in revenues from further international expansion. ? The main threat to Costco currently is the threat of substitutes especially in discount stores and hypermarkets and the alternative to this is online speciality stores which can compete through lower operating costs and manufacturing abroad thus increasing the power of existing buyers. ? In order to compete with the threat of e-commerce businesses a further development in the online sales capability is likely to increase the companys strengths. Cannibalisation is unlikely to occur until the industry becomes completely saturated in the US in which case the company can then be ahead of competitors through the internet or through global expansion. ? Subsidiaries or Joint venture are a possibility as in Mexico where the 31 warehouses are 50% joint ventures, this strategy may benefit within the foreign Indian and Chinese market, to allow for a better integration and brand loyalty ( www.slideshare.net). The firm is likely to have the logistical capabilities to enter the Chinese market as they have entered nearby Japan successfully, and some networks would be partially formed through transportation. ? More strategic alliances with manufacturers as with Kirkland in expanding countries to gain trust from customers, enabling them to recognise brand names and build loyalty 9.0 References Andrews, K.R (1987), The concept of Corporate Strategy, Homewood: Irwin Baker.M.J Critical perspectives on business and management, Routledge, London Bruton. A, (2007) Five Forces Analysis, www.books.google.co.uk/books?id=9lmR75vPpEACprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageq=f=false accessed 21/02/10 Costco Financial Report 2009, www.phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=83830p=irol-reportsannual, accessed 16/02/10 Ducan, W.J, Ginter, P.M Swayne, L.E (1998), Competitive advantage and internal organisational assessment, Academy of Management Executive Duff. M (2009) Costco Surrenders Profits To Make a Point www.industry.bnet.com/retail/1000461/costco-surrenders-profits-to-make-a-point/ accessed 19/02/10 Hughes, M.T (2007) Costco wholesale strategic analysis, Washington College Business Management Ireland, R.D, Hitt, M.A Simon, D.G (2003), A Model of Strategic Entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions, Journal of Management, 29, 963-989 Mitchell. R.C, (2001), Strategy Formulation, TAOFS Formulation, www.csun.edu/~hfmgt001/formulation.doc, accessed 20/02/10 Neff, J (2009) From CVS to Costco, retailers put the screws to brands, Advertising Age,Business Source Premier, 11/30/2009, Vol. 80, Issue 40 Porter. M.E, (1979) How competitive forces shape strategy, Harvard College, Harvard Business Review Porter, M.E, (1985), Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance, New York: The Free Press Prahalad, C.K Hamel, G. (1990), The Core Competence Of The Corporation, Harvard Business Review, 68, 79-91 Ramachandran, J.M Sud. M, (2006) Strategic Entrepreneurship in a Globalising Economy: Evidence from Emerging Economies, IIMB Management Review, 28, 291-302. Trout. J, (2004), Trout on Strategy: capturing mindshare, conquering markets, McGraw-Hill (Jan 14th 2008) Food industry , BNET UK, www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3235/is_1_25/ai_n29402690 accessed 16/02/10 Shapiro, N. 2004. Company for the people. Seattle Weekly, December 15. Retrieved from www.seattleweekly.com/ generic/show_print.php on 15/02/2010. www.slideshare.net/guestce0202a/costco-strategic- plan accessed 20/02/10 www.findarticles.com/121753md5=91af14cebe7ede4/c72/169594b2badc8b accessed 20/02/10 www.costco.com accessed 21/02/10 Contents Page Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction to Costco 2 2.0 Costco existing missions/strategies 2 3.0 Strategic Management 3 4.0 Porters five forces 3 4.1 The threat of new entrants 3 4.2 Bargaining power of suppliers 3 4.3 Bargaining power of customers 4 4.4 The threat of substitute products 4 4.5 Rivalry among competitors 4 5.0 SWOT analysis 5 6.0 External Factors 6 7.0 Conclusion 6 8.0 Recommendations 7

Methods of Studying the Brain

Methods of Studying the Brain History of brain treatments Trepanning is a surgical procedure where a hold is drilled into the skull using a surgical tool, in the 17th and 19th century. The process involved drilling into the skull and removing a piece of bone. In ancient times trepanning was done as a tribal ritual to let evil spirts escape out of the head. It was performed to cure, headaches, and many mental illness for instance; Huntingtons, Parkinson, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Lobotomy is a surgical procedure in which the nerve pathways in a lobes of the brain are severed from those in other areas. The procedure was used as a radical therapeutic measure distributed patients, who had mental illnesses. Moreover, lobotomy was used in mental institutions where the patients wouldnt understand and known it is been done. (ETHICS) Also, the patients would often could out of the procedure with black eyes from the surgery and they would be given darken glasses to cover up the bruising ( ETHICS) A few years later Thorine a chemical lobotomy was designed which was better as there wasnt a risk of surgery. 2,900 lobotomies were performed. The last one to be performed was in 1967 due to the patient dying of brain haemorrhage. EEG stands for electroencephalogram which is a recording of the brains activity. Small sensors are attached to the scalp to pick up the electrical signals produced when brain cells send message to each other. Helped to monitoring and diagnosing conditions affecting the brain. Invasive methods Invasive methods are a therapeutic technique that involves breaking the skin. It involves the injection or a placement of a device into the body. Invasive pain management therapies have been used to treat neck and back pain. Invasive methods are done by open surgery or laroscopy. Advantages Disadvantages Increase safety less trauma to the body and far less blood loss Can be time consuming for patient and surgeon Less scaring only takes about two stitches to close the womb Long recover, some patient might be lucky to start to feel recovered by 6 to 8 weeks but others longer. You dont have to stay in hospital very long most patients get discharged within 24 hours. At very high risk of infection More accurate As well as find other damaged areas you might damage that area more or even they might have done the damage. When doing the surgery you may find other damaged areas and be able to remove or treat it. Very expensive Non invasive Non-invasive is a therapeutic technique which doesnt involve invading or breaking the skin. Therefore, the produce does not involve tools that can beak the skin or physically enter the body. For example; x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ECG. Until recent years, exploratory surgery was routinely performed when a patient was critically ill and the source of illness wasnt known. Advantages Disadvantages The patient undergo less stress as no time for healing or been under general anaesthetic. Some of the scanning can be harmful to the body ad involves radiation Less time consuming Might not see if it damages any other area or if there is any other disease or damage to the brain. Very quick recovery Might not always be an opinion, the surgeon might offer Invasive first Reduced risk of infection Some of the scans may stimulate other parts of the brain Cheaper MRI scanner X-RAY machine Deep Brain Stimulation Deep stimulation is a surgical procedure (invasive technique) which is performed under local anaesthetic. It is perform in this situation so that the patient can talk and have brain movement to say the procedure has worked. Deep stimulation is the main type of surgery used to treat Parkinsons disease. Parkinsons is not cure able however; it may help to control the movement of the symptoms. Deep brain stimulation involved very fine wires with electrodes at the tip of the brain, which send electrical impulse to the targeted part of the brain. These are connected to extensions that are tunneled under the skin behind the ear and down the neck. They are connected to a pulse generator, which is placed under the skin around the chest. With Deep Brain Stimulation treating disease of mental health, some people not understand what is mean done and therefore their careers give permission for it to be done and this isnt technical right the patient themselves hasnt full agreed to it. Furthermore, the patient isnt de-brief before the surgery to make sure they full understand what the procedure is and this is all unethical to society. Advantage Disadvantage Very accurate Increase risk of infection. The implantation of foreign objects entering then body. Good technique Additional surgery may be needed is any of the equipment stops working. Sometimes every 3 to 5 years. Minimal opening to brain Time consuming Effective techniquie Devices which are inserted into the body can sometimes interfere with other devices. No damage to the brain during the surgery Sometimes uncomfortable sensations during stimulation can occur. Lesion Production Brain Lesions can be caused by injury, infection, and problems with immune system. There cause is still unknown. There are several of types and some of the effects can cause great harm to you whereas, some are harmless. In lesions, nerve cells die, leaving behind damages areas of the brain. Then after time the brain function in those parts of the brain decrease. Disease such as; Parkinsons, huntingsons Alzheimers and some types of dementia are a group of brain lesions. Some drug additions can be linked to lesions. Symptoms of a brain lesion vary depending on the type, location and size of the lesion. Symptoms include; Headache Nauseas Change of vision Memory loss Seizures Fever There are different types of Brain lesions. For instance abscesses and Alzheimers and other dementias. Abscesses are areas of infection, including inflamed tissue. This isnt a common however, theyre life threating. Brain abscesses often occur after an infection. Moreover, it can also appear after an injury or surgery. Alzheimers disease and other dementias these are another group of brain lesions. In these lesion, the nerve cells die which leaves behind damaged areas to the brain. then Problems which can occur from brain Lesions are: Mood changes Personality changes Behaviour can change Mental ability can change A loss of memory Having pain in joints and having difficulty to move Producing lesion is purposely destroying an area on the brain to research and investigate specific areas of the brain. From this you can see exactly which parts do which function. There are three ways to make an lesion. Chemically to destroy the neurons Electrical current to also destroy the neurons Surgically This involves cutting a part of the brain Advantages Disadvantages The whole of the brain been analysed at once therefore a lot of information and research can be gathered. Involves surgery cutting into patients brain could be a lot of blood loss. The removal of lesion can decrease or even stop seizures Recovery could take away Can look at the size of the lesion and see the damage cause for instance Wernickes or Brocas The surgery could cause stress for the patient Increase risk of infection due to the recovery time and its surgery Removal of a lesion can cause damage in the brain e.g Wernecks or Brocas- language and speech centres. Carbon nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are tubes which have a very small diameter for example it can be as small as one nanometer. This is a very new invention and scientists are hoping to build tiny transistors for computer chips and other electronic devices. Each day carbon nanotubes have more research on and so they are very new. Carbon nanotubes are electrodes which are surrounded by carbon atoms in the shape of a coil. They are really thin! Thinner than a piece of hair. Nanotechnology is used often as it has a lot of uses. For example; sunscreens, self cleaning glass and clothes with UV protection. Uses for nanotubes are Brain tumour research Possibility of using the nanotubes to directly deliver cancer fighting drugs into the brain Medical uses for instance; bone scaffolding and cell therapy. This is achieved by drugs or silencing genes Carbon nanotubes recently used to control the damage caused by a stroke, dental implants or synthetic muscles. Ethnics on carbon nanotubes is it is still experimental and we dont know how it will effect individuals in the long term. Its still be researched and developed. Advantages Disadvantages Many sectors e.g medical, energy and manufacturing benefit from it Newer technology therefore, not much testing been done. New possible cancer therapy Can be difficult to work with Lots of information on neurones and their responses. Very small and can be very expensive to produce. Future treatments of neurological disorders such as Parkinsons and strokes So far it is only been used in experiments so no long term effects seen We as humans are carbon based. Nobody knows how it will react to the body, will it be compatible Surgery will still be required and therefore, surgical; risks attached. Stereotaxic surgery Stereotaxic surgery is also called stereotactic. It is brain surgery where a brain tumour is removed with using image if the brain to guild the surgeon to a target within the brain. Neuro-navigation is a technique which may have an external frame attached to the head or imaging markers attached to the scalp to orient the surgeon in his approach. The term stereotactic came from Greek and Latin roots which meant touch in space. Stereotaxic surgery is used for many reasons, which include: Brain tumors Deep Brain Stimulates Monitoring activity of brain for instance; scanning Monitoring and treating Parkinsons Side effects for stereotaxic is that is have very few immediate effects than the normal radiosurgery, as the area being treated is smaller. However, you are likely to have hair loss, feel sick, feel fatigue, dizzy, have headaches or have rashes appear on your skin. These are common side effects of regular external radiotherapy to the brain. Doctors normal give does of steroid before the treatment or straight after to help prevent side effects due to swelling in the brain. Advantages Disadvantages No cutting is involved in Could stimulate wrong area of brain therefore different behavior would be seen Lots of research taking place Could damage the brain Used in Parkinsons treatment Bleeding could be caused Function Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) FMRI is a technique for measuring the metabolic changes that occur in brain activity. It uses a powerful magnetic field and radio waves frequency pulses to produce detailed pictures of soft tissues, bone and other internal body structure. It works by detecting the change in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity. When an area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to meet this increased demand blood flow increase to the active area. It can be used to examine the brains anatomy, determines which part of the brain are handling critical functions, evaluate the effect of stroke or disease. FMRI is the only technique which can detect abnormalities within the brain. This is a picture of an FMRI scanner, which is a large tube that contains powerful magnets. You lie inside the tube straight and as still as possible during the scan. Advantages Disadvantages Does not use radiation Scanners usually expensive Has no visual risks Person needs to be completely still for it to capture a clear image Evaluate brain function safely and effectively Researchers still dont completely understand how it works. fMRI is easy to use People are in an enclosed space, so people who are claustrophobic are faced with problems with MRI to be done. MRI scan can provide information about the blood circulation throughout the body and blood vessels The scan involves really loud noises while processing because they involve a really high amount of electric current supple Magnetoencephalography (MEG) MEG measures ongoing brain activity with millisecond time resolution. It works by detecting magnetic fields which are created by the brains electrical signals. MEG is used for finding out about diseases such as; Parkinsons and Alzheimers. But also is used for research to measure the time course of brain activity and can detect epilepsy, as well as detect areas of the brain that are most important to avoid during surgery. MEG has to be carried out in a shielded room often in the night when there are no other electrical devices on. This is because the fields are a billion times smaller than the earths magnetic field. The patient will sit inside a helmet of special sensors that detect the tiny magnetic signals produced by the brain, as shown below; Advantages Disadvantages Makes no noise Time consuming takes 2 hours to be performed. No discomfort for patient Needs a special magnetically shield room Detects areas of normal and abnormal activity in the brain. Used to compliment other imaging techniques Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) TMS is a magnetic method used to stimulate small regions of the brain. During the procedure, a magnetic field generator, or coil, is placed near the head of the person receiving the treatment. The stimulation take approximately around 20 to 30 minutes. While receiving the stimulations, the patient is normally fully awake, no anaesthetic needed. There are minimal side effects. TSM is used to treat depression, pain relief, feeling of euphoria of fear and patient who do not response well to antidepressant medication. The procedure is associated with mild and minimal side effects, including: feelings of light headedness temporary hearing problems, due to the sometimes loud magnet noise mild headaches tingling in the face, jaw, or scalp Advantages Disadvantages Non- invasive Could damage normal brain function No anaesthetic needed Magnetic items must not be worm Widely available Ethics Informed Consent disclosure of all significant risks, both those known and those suspected possible. Potential Benefit must outweigh risk Equal distribution of risk Particularly vulnerable patient populations should be avoided. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) PET stands for positron emission tomography. PET scans are images which can clearly show the part of the body which being investigated which could consist of abnormal areas of the body or brain and can highlight how well certain areas of the body are functioning. A PET scan works by detecting radiation inside the body, and images are made my passing x-rays through the patients body. Radioactive substances are injected into the body. The level of radiation is very small and the radioactive substance has a short decay time and neither of these will damage your body. A PET scan is pain free, and you should are able to return home on the same day without any side effects or restriction function adequately. Scans usually take around 30-60 minutes. Advantages Disadvantages Detect and monitor cancerous growths Very expensive Makes sure functions in the body are working. Not widely available only certain hospitals have them in the UK, and you might have to travel a distance to get one. PET imaging is able to be used as an alternative to biopsy and other exploratory surgeries to determine how much a disease has spread. Not as clear as CT or fMRI scans Reduce the number of unnecessary surgeries performed due to incorrect diagnosis and staging data. Tumour growth and inflammation of brain areas are difficult to tell apart. Stem Cells Stem cells are a class of undistinguishable cells that are able to differentiate into specialised cell types. It is most like that stem cells come from two main sources, for example: Embryos (embryonic stem cells) adult stem cells Stem cells are unspecialised cells which are restarting themselves through cell division and have the potential to develop into many different cell types which plays a central role in generation and for the generation to come of the body. Stem cells act as an internal repair system, dividing to replace other cells which are lost through wear and tear. Each time a stem cell divides, each new cell may either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialised function for example; bone or muscle cells. Stem cells can give growth to any tissue in the body and, from this it can provide nearly limitless potential for medical applications. Current studies are researching how stem cells may be used to prevent or even cure disease e.g Parkinsons, diabetes, heart disease and even Alzheimers ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Medical benefits for example; therapeutic cloning gets treat chronic illnesses. Embryos that are not a patients own and the patients body may reject them. Provide an insight to the growth and development of human cells as the understanding of everything about human cells, scientists and researchers would also have a better understanding of disease, and how it comes and what damages the cells which leads them to illness. Difficult to find and extract from tissue Can replace faulty cells with healthy cells, so the individual is well again Adult stem cells only produce a few types of cells No embryo is destroyed so not an ethical issue Ethical implications Embryonic stem cell research poses a moral dilemma. It forces us to choose between two moral principles: The duty to prevent suffering The duty to respect the value of human life In the case of embryonic stem cell research, it is impossible to respect both moral principles. To obtain embryonic stem cells, the early embryo has to be destroyed. This means destroying a potential human life. But embryonic stem cell research could lead to the discovery of new medical treatments that would stop the suffering of many people. Â   Â   There is two issues of stem cells, one that we highly value the duty to prevent suffering and the other the duty to respect the value of human life. A potential humans life is a risk of life or not. It is more ethical to take stem cells from a bone borrow of an individual to help saves someones life as to do so it needs constant from the individual for the bone borrow to be given. Whereas, a less ethical view is were a stem cell could be taken from a embolic cord where the mother of the child may have given constant and mean it can go ahead however, the baby might not have wanted that therefore this is morally wrong. Foetal Brain-tissue Grafting A method of treating diseases, such as; parkingsons and huntingtons by grafting brain cells from human foetuses onto the affected area of the human brain. Human adults cannot grow new brain cells however, developing unborn foetuses can, this is because, grafting foetal tissue stimulates the growth of new brain cells in affected adult brains. Use of foetal brain tissue is consequent from aborted embryos or foetuses. The ethical issues related to a therapeutic approach, which is relevantly modern and therefore not only concern the possible side effects for a graft-receiving patient, but also the relationship between the requirements for foetal tissue and the decision-making process for induced abortion. Although for human embryos and foetuses have been the subject of biomedical studies, and, in principle, their use has therefore not been seen as ethically objectionable, the above points made it necessary to reconsider the moral issues. Bibliography http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02700424 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Fetal+tissue+transplantation History of brain treatments http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=sfrm=1source=webcd=1ved=0ahUKEwjN8NXE35bQAhUWz2MKHYl8BFcQFggpMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brain-surgery.com%2Fhistory-of-brain-surgery-1%2Fusg=AFQjCNGfniG_DTtMu0pnbq76NH6vFoSU4Qbvm=bv.137904068,d.d2s A good website to go on to first, as it gave an over view of the different methods but also different times e.g the Hippocrates and how life was like for treating the brain then. https://www.britannica.com/topic/lobotomy lobotomy surgery and how it is done and why it is done. http://www.ancient.eu/Trephination/ Brothwell, D, Diseases in Antiquity (Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd, 1967). http://www.imaginis.com/faq/what-does-non-invasive-mean Invasive and non-invasive http://www.frca.co.uk/article.aspx?articleid=252 Very good website to start on however no pros or cons one it. http://internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/Vol1_Issue3_02_Lavdaniti.pdf History on the technique http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304235-overview Good over view and background information Deep Brain Stimulation https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/content/deep-brain-stimulation-surgery-parkinsons how deep stimulation is used to treat Parkinsons. http://www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu/centers-excellence/epilepsy-and-movement-disorders-program/deep-brain-stimulation-movement-disorders This website explains how deep stimulation can cure certain things and what disorders it helps to cure. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WW-SWAnphFU video of the deep stimulation back ground information and how it was performed http://videos.howstuffworks.com/sciencentral/2937-deep-brain-stimulation-video.htm Another video of how it works and what its done. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25597042 good for information on ethics for DBS. Clearly layout and simple to understand http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12152-015-9240-9 very very complex site and not good for getting information. http://www.webmd.com/brain/brain-lesions-causes-symptoms-treatments Lesion Production http://www.webmd.com/brain/brain-lesions-causes-symptoms-treatments http://www.emedicinehealth.com/brain_lesions_lesions_on_the_brain/page10_em.htm

Social Deviance in Bartleby the Scrivener Essay -- Bartleby Scrivener

Social Deviance in Bartleby the Scrivener Bartleby the Scrivener is a story that takes place on Wall Street, peopled by workers of a common mold. Being a non-conformatist of the most extreme type, Bartleby is eventually suffers a death of attrition. The message that Melville intends for the reader is how society has little tolerance for social deviance. I mentioned a common mold, the engine which impelled the "society" of Wall Street to keep on existing. This common mold consists of working a full day, going home and relax, possibly drinking some beer or whatnot. This is where the theme of ostracization of social deviance comes into play, expressed in the metaphor of individual versus society. Those who do not fit into the common mold are pressured to change or are removed forcibly. Bartleby is an example of a character that doesnÍt fit anywhere even near the mold...

Shortage of Skilled workers :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is 1am on a summer Saturday night, the wind is gently blowing through your hair and your favorite song is playing on the radio. The stress of your daily, white-collar routine is left behind for just one night – a single evening out with your friends to catch up on the chaos of your lives. You cannot help but enjoy this rare crack in your hectic, nine-to-five schedule; a fleeting moment when everything feels right and you feel free. In the distance, you notice flashing lights. Thinking little of what they could mean, you continue your journey. Suddenly, you come face-to-face with one of the most despised enemies of urban life: traffic. As you slow to a grinding halt, you cannot help but feel irritation, anger and helplessness. It is ruined. Your one night is completely ruined. As you take your place in the endless parking lot that was once a four-lane highway, you realize that the source stoppage is a massive construction project. You look and hear them p ound at the pavement with their jackhammers. Trying to control your frustration, you take a deep breath, exhale, and turn your head away. Again, you feel the victim of this deepening social crisis: the shortage of skilled workers. You may have heard the topic raised on some morning show or another, but likely thought little of it. However, the figures are quite shocking. According to one author's research, '52 percent of skilled trades are expected to retire within the next 15 years, with 41 per cent of respondents indicating they will face a skills shortage in their industry within five years.'; (Arnold, par. 12).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The shortage of skilled workers in the coming decade poses a serious threat to all aspects of the Canadian economy. Like all others, our economy is comprised of three major elements: primary products, secondary goods and services. My research indicates that primary products constitute just over 7% of Canada's GDP, secondary goods account for 21%, and the services comprise 72%. This distribution although heavily in favor of the service industry still shows the importance of the secondary/manufacturing industry in Canada's modern day economy. Taking into fact that since the late nineteenth century, Canada's centre of manufacturing is focused in two provinces, Ontario and Quebec. Consistently, year after year, Ontario contributes about 50% of the Canadian total of manufactured goods produced, measured by value, and Quebec 25%.

Rene Desacartes and David Hume Essay

Rene Descartes and David Hume were two great philosophers during the modern period. Many of their issues focused on the existence of God. Hume’s writings on the existence of God are different to Descartes’. Descartes tries to prove Gods existence while Hume tries to show the foolishness of believing in God. However, both philosophers fail to solve the issue because they both hold many arguments. The major issue between Descartes and Hume is their conflicting methods on how the issue should be approached. Rene Descartes was an Enlightenment philosopher. He was also a rationalist. This is the opposite of empiricism as this theory claims that some knowledge can be known a priori, independently of experience. This means that if God were to be proved then experience would not necessarily be needed as some truth. The explanation of oneself is essential to Descartes’ thesis. That all â€Å"object relations except God are delusions promoted by the coherence of experience† (Weissman); that is, our everlasting subjective experience of the world could be false, although God is known to be true. Having decided that the empirical world and matter could be simply the creation of a devil, Descartes decides to follow his own consciousness, which is the only thing he could rely on. He is the type of person who only depends on himself and always thinks â€Å"I am† in situations. Descartes makes the unnecessary assumption that he is the carrier of his combined states. He states, â€Å"It is so self-evident that it is I who doubt, who understand and who wish, that there is no need to add anything to explain it†. This, as well as the truths of mathematics, is perceived â€Å"clearly and distinctly†. Clear and distinct ideas are very much relied on in the Cartesian philosophy of mind; for Descartes they are the necessary truths, grabbed by the intelligence. This central consciousness he claims equates to a â€Å"person†; the divisible body as an extended thing in space and time is finite, opposed to the infinite, non-physical, monadic soul. This distinction is the foundation of Cartesian ontological dualism. The mind and body are separate materials, existing on their own. Descartes believed that he developed a method by breaking a problem down into parts, accepting ideas that couldn’t be doubted and getting rid of one conclusion from another. Descartes came to the conclusion that the universe has a mathematically logical structure providing a unified body of knowledge. He believed that in order to obtain knowledge, there must be a normal method for achieving the truth, or any experience can not be a dependable source. David Hume was an empiricist which means that he believes all knowledge must come from experience, as there is no innate knowledge within the mind. If the existence of God were to be proved, it would require someone to experience or suppose his existence from experience in some way, because reason alone is inadequate to prove his existence. Hume’s position about knowledge is skepticism, which means he doesn’t believe we have knowledge for certain things. He is heavily influenced by the two philosophers, Locke and Berkley. Hume is similar to Berkley but without the part of believing in God. He believes in the analysis of causation. For example you know your friend is in France when you receive a post card from them in France. Hume’s explanations are more concerned with a passive physical brain and a graphic order of mind; the mind alone can tell us anything about the world. It contains an idea that simple and complex ideas are formed by direct perception of objects or self-reflection. Hume’s change incorporates an explanation on Locke’s ambiguous use of ‘idea’. He refers separately to perceptions of sensations and those of reflection. Simple ideas of Locke such as space and time became complex ideas for Hume. All perceptions are substances, capable of existence independent of the observer. Therefore we are perceptions, with a non-observable ‘self’. Furthermore since there can be no ‘impression’ of self, the idea of identity is weak. It is important to know that in Hume’s plan in order for people to obtain knowledge of something they must experience it first. Descartes believed that everything known, depends on perception, but if perception doesn’t have evidence not only from itself but also from the outside world than it will not be able to verify anything. According to Hume, â€Å"perceptions,† can be cut down to impressions and ideas. Axioms, were self evident principals which were â€Å"so clear and distinct† that they could not be doubted, and therefore accepted as certain contents of knowledge. Contrary to Descartes belief that effects must come from a cause, Hume believed that causes are senseless and uncertain. This contrasts sharply with Descartes’ proposal of ‘primary and secondary’ qualities. The primary qualities of objects are their geometric, indubitable measurements such as their extension, mass and location in space. These are only indirectly perceived through the secondary qualities of appearance, such as colour and tangibility. Descartes seeks to avoid a merely representationalist stance and attempts to further justify a belief in an external reality beyond our mental field of perception, and show that it is dependent on God. This is closely linked with Descartes’ equivocation of â€Å"clear and distinct† ideas; they refer both to the mathematical axioms of geometry – in a â€Å"triangle there is a certain determinate nature or essence or form of it, immutable and eternal, which has not been feigned by me, nor does it depend on [me]† – and to empirical statements about extension in space; in the Fifth Meditation he seeks to discover â€Å"something certain concerning material things†¦

Bus 557 Assignment Essay

Ethics behavioral aspect of accounting is a special area of accounting that is developed to address such aspect of human information processing behavior, judgment quality, accounting problems created by users and providers of accounting information as well as their decision making skills. Secondly, paper will describe the organization, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach. Thirdly, this paper will determine how the organizational ethical issue was detected and how management failed to create an ethical environment. In some cases, some company pledged its own stock to ensure that partnerships would be able to borrow money. And when Enron stock started plummeting, the whole thing fell apart. Fourthly, this paper will analyze the accounts impacted and or accounting guidelines violated and the resulting impact to the business operation. They operated as the masterminds behind the system to defraud investors. The banks, by offering fake, illegal and not approved by regulators deals, played a significant role in helping Enron falsify company financial statements and mislead investors. Finally, the paper will discuss as a CFO which measures could have been taken to prevent this ethical breach and how each measure should be implemented in the future. First of all, there should be analysis of culture within the organization including norms of behavior, standards of conduct, values, perspective of attitudes, perceptions, there seems to be pressure to commit misconduct, communications, risks and vulnerabilities Review of Accounting Ethics Page 3 Given the corporate ethical breaches in recent times, assess whether or not you believe that the current business and regulatory environment is more conducive to ethical behavior. Provide support for your answer. Ethics behavioral aspect of accounting is a special area of accounting that is developed to address such aspect of human information processing behavior, judgment quality, accounting problems created by users and providers of accounting information as well as their decision making skills (Ponema, 2009). Existing businesses and regulatory environment is more conductive behavior because some companies and managers feel as though they can get away with it. The unpredictable increase and collapse of the Enron Company set off a long-burning fire under the American social conscience. From every crevasse and corner, voices rose demanding increased accountability, demanding tighter regulation, and demanding that the unethical be brought to justice. Clearly, in such estimation, those at fault should have been punished business. Many transformations in the business environment have taken place, including immoral conducts and the tendency for corruption. Unethical accounting behavior is also included as a consequence. (Sims, 1992). So the government has been forced to increase regulations and inspect actions taken in business, most especially after the Enron, Tyco, WorldCom and other unethical accounting scandals. As a result of the mentioned scandals, the government then passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 providing regulatory requirements for better precision in business action, accountability and assurance of ethical accounting behavior by publicly held companies and accounting firms. According to White (2000), the total number of boards of directors who set ethical codes of conduct within organizations has increased from 41 percent in 1991 to 78 percent. Review of Accounting Ethics Page 4 According to the Wall Street Journal about 79 percent of youth in the United States do not believe in the presence of moral principles in business. There should be a business foundation, especially in accounting which should provide society with adequate information about companies and industry. Accounting is more and more involved in consulting, so it requires high ethical standards to built trust between clients and companies (White, 2000). Even if society does not believe in the honesty in any business, I think that ethics and ethical behavior are very high priorities for companies today and this is proofed by the increasing number of companies currently applying ethical codes of conducts. Codes of ethics are arrangements that are frequently used as a force to promote ethical behavior. There are many ways that a business could operate ethically. They can impose legal actions and fines. This could then remove destruction to any firm’s reputation, and protect and / or increase the capital of any shareholder. Paying special attention to Shareholder value, cost control, creating a competitive advantage and avoiding internal corruption would also be a help. A firm’s unethical behavior could also contribute to the organization’s productivity level being lower over time. Because of all these aspects I believe that the current business and regulatory environment is more conducive to ethical behavior. Based on your research, describe the organization, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach. Enron Corp. was an energy company born from a mildly innovative 1985 deal that combined two boring businesses: an Omaha-based natural-gas-pipeline company named InterNorth and a similar Texas company called Houston Natural Gas. Instead of just delivering gas to customers at a modest profit, Enron decided to use newly deregulated pipelines to match other buyers and Review of Accounting Ethics Page 5 sellers in the energy industry. Enron became a gas trader, which would be much more exciting than just building pipes and transporting gas. Moreover, Enron was managing its own employee pension funds. This should not happen because it allowed the company to use these funds for the advantage of the company only, without taking care of their employees. Besides, Enron should have a code of ethics that prohibits managers and executives from being involved in another business entity that does business with their own company. Usually, codes of ethics are voluntary, but the board of directors should set them up as the important restriction of company. According to the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics (2002), legal and regulatory structures would trigger Enron’s bankruptcy. Initially, Arthur Andersen LLP would provide consulting and the audited reporting services noting the financial results of their consulting activities. This occurred because it was allowed by current law and regulations imposed by the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). I see this as fault of within the legal structure and an evident conflict of interest. Additionally, another conflict of interest occurred in Enron by hiring and paying its own auditors. It is understandable that the auditors did not issue an adverse report on the company that was paying them. The conclusion coming from this situation is that private companies should not be allowed to pay for their own auditors.. Moreover, Enron would also expand into other business areas, including water, fiber optics, newsprint, and telecommunications (Halbert T & Ingulli, E. (2009). Legal structure permits managers to enter these arrangements, which constitute a conflict of interest. The managers and executives should take care of the best interest of the company and its shareholders because the law leaves them with freedom, to choose what it is the best interest of the company. There are no doubts that Enron’s officers did not act within the scope of their Review of Accounting Ethics Page 6 authorities. A few days before the outstanding loss of Enron was made public, workers who audited the company books for Arthur Andersen had been given an extraordinary directive to damage all audit material, except for the most basic â€Å"work papers. † Even if, there are no rules for how long company should keep its documents, it was illegal. (Halbert T. & Ingulli, E. (2009). Determine how the organizational ethical issue was detected and how management failed to create an ethical environment. Enron Corporation is a classic example of organizational-level corruption. Halbert T & Ingulli E. (2009). Enron debacle is not just the story of a company that failed; it is the story of a system that failed. And the system didn’t fail through carelessness or laziness; it was corrupted. â€Å" According to Report of Investigation by the Special Investigative Committee of the Board of Directors of Enron Corp (2002), Enron employees involved in the partnerships were enriched, in the aggregate, by tens of millions of dollars they should never have received–Farrow by at least $30 million, Hooper by at least $10 million, two others by $1 million each. Any of these employees, except Farrow, did not obtain the permission required by Enron’s Code of Conduct of Business Affairs to own interest in the partnerships. Moreover, many Enron transactions were designed to accomplish favorable financial statement results. These examples show that Enron’s officers put their own interest ahead of their obligations to Enron. The company allowed chief financial officer Farrow to set up partnerships that enabled Enron to report pretty much whatever numbers it needed to keep Wall Street happy. In some cases, the company pledged its own stock to ensure that partnerships would be able to borrow money. And when Enron stock started plummeting, the whole thing fell apart. (Farrow made off with millions of dollars for himself, but his depredations played no significant role in Enron’s fall. ) . When Review of Accounting Ethics Page 7 forensic accountants finally got a look at Enron’s books in late 2001, they discovered that the company had been reporting incorrect numbers for at least five years. Analyze the accounts impacted and / or accounting guidelines violated and the resulting impact to the business operation. Perhaps Enron could have been somewhat successful by branching out into the commodities business creating an international, privatized water market. Enron’s leaders in 1998 set up a subsidiary called Azurix with a major water concession in England, but British regulators cut the firm’s rates-and Enron’s style was significantly cramped. Azurix’s expansion into Brazil also worked out badly due to local politics. Enron hid the mounting debts in an off-the-balance-sheet partnership. This became a common Enron technique and led to the kind of debt load that became unsustainable when investors lost confidence in Enron’s numbers (Snider, 2006), according to Snider (2006), Farrow, the former Enron chief financial officer, said that Enron’s banks played important role in the corporation fraud. They operated as the masterminds behind the system to defraud investors. The banks, by offering fake, illegal and not approved by regulators deals, played a significant role in helping Enron falsify company financial statements and mislead investors. It was the banks that instructed Enron how to deal with the company’s significant financial challenges. If stated, dividend targets could not be met by Enron, and the company would have had to generate more cash flow to maintain its credit ratings. The banks assisted to design the fake and deceptive deals. The banks helped Enron to hide the debt which was not showing up on the books by replacing bad assets through creation shell companies. These shell companies, run by Enron executives who profited richly from them, allowed Enron to keep hundreds of millions of dollars in debt off its books. Also, loan transactions were reported as cash flow instead of debt. These finances were not shown in the financial statements. Review of Accounting Ethics Page 8 This action would lead the company’s stock and hurt most of investors across the country (Halbert T. & Ingulli, E. (2009). As a CFO, recommend which measures could have been taken to prevent this ethical breach and how each measure should be implemented in the future. Enron was liable for the action of its agents and employees, because most taken actions, which lead Enron into bankruptcy, were taken inside the corporation. Enron officers and managers repaid the banks by access to special deals; premium payments and insider access to future beneficial transactions (Maximizing Business Performance, 2007). In order to avoid situation that took place in Enron Corp. there are some actions that should be taken within an organization. First of all, there should be analysis of culture within the organization including norms of behavior, standards of conduct, values, perspective of attitudes, perceptions, pressures to commit misconduct, communications, risks and vulnerabilities. The Code of Ethics should be complied by Board Members and Senior Executives as well as by all employees. Measures they recommend should include staff training, evaluations of compliance systems, appropriate funding and staffing of the corporate ethics office. An organization has to make sure that consulting and auditing are separated while financing auditing has its independence with integrity. Moreover, managing proper communication regarding expectations, requirements, goals and roles at all levels is significant to constitute ethical behavior within an organization. Establishing an Ethics Committee helps to focus on ethical conduct and empower employees to make decisions according to organization’s values. Enron and other corporations need better financial disclosure mechanisms. The Financial Accounting Standards Board, responsible for rule making in the area, has to create regulations and standards that are more Review of Accounting Ethics Page 9 forth right and understandable to ordinary people. In addition, corporations need more responsible public servants, instead of creating more laws. We need to teach people to be responsible for what they have done, just as we have held the business people to accountability. Conclusion Since the objective of accounting is to provide relevant, timely information for user decision making, therefore, Accountants must behave in an ethical manner so that the information they provide will be trustworthy and, thus, useful for decision making. The purpose of ethics in accounting is to direct accountants to abide by the code of conduct that facilitates and encourage public confidence in their services. Ethics are moral principles that guide the conduct of individuals but unfortunately, some accountants sometimes behave in an unethical manner. These ethical violations led to fines, firings, and lawsuits. In some cases, accountants were criminally prosecuted, convicted, and sent to prison. References Snider, D. (2006, September 26). University of California, San Francisco. UC Says Farrow Implicated Banks in Enron Fraud. Retrieved April 27, 2013 from http://ucsf. edu/ stories/uc-says-farrow-implicated-banks-in-enron-fraud Halbert T & Ingulli, E. (2009). Law & Ethics in the Business Environment: 2010 custom edition (6th ed. ). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning White J. (2000). Ethics in Business. Retrieved April 27, 2013, from http://www. pro2net. com Sims, R. R. (1992). Journal of Business Ethics, 11: 651–662. Committee of the Board of Directors of Enron Corp. Retrieved April 27, 2013, from http://fl1. findlaw. com/news. findlaw. com/wp/docs/enron/specinv020102rpt1. pdf

German First Names and Their English Equivalents

German First Names and Their English Equivalents Anyone researching names soon becomes aware that, because of spelling variations and other changes, it is often difficult to determine the true origin of a name, particularly family names. Many names were altered (Americanized, anglicized) for various reasons. Just one example: The German last name  Schà ¶n  (beautiful) became  Shane, a change that deceptively hides its German origin. Not all German first or last names have an English equivalent, but many do. We wont bother with obvious ones like Adolf, Christoph, Dorothea (dor-o-taya), Georg (gay-org), Michael (meech-ah-el), Monika (mow-ni-kah), Thomas (tow-mas), or Wilhelm (vil-helm). They may be pronounced differently but the resemblance is hard to miss. First Names (Vornamen) Adalbert/Albrecht (Albert)Alois (Aloysius)Anja/Antje/Anke (Anna)Brbel  (Barbara)Beke (north German form of Bertha)Bernd/Bernt (Bernard)Birgit (Swedish form of Brigitte, which is actually a Celtic name)Dolf (short form from names ending in - dolf)Dorle (Dora, Dot, Dorothy)Eugen (oy-gen, Eugene)Franz (Frank)Gabi (form of Gabriele)Gerhard (Gerald)Gottfried (Geoffrey, Jeffrey, Godfrey)Greta (Margaret)Hans/Jens/Johann(es) (Jack, John, Jonathan)Heinrich/Heino/Heinz (Henry)Ilse (Elizabeth)Jakob (James)Jà ¶rg/Jà ¼rgen (George)Jutta (Judy/Judith)Karl/Karla (Charles/Carol)Karsten/Carsten/Kersten (variation of Christian)Katrin (C/Katherine)Kirsten/Kirstin (Christine)Lars (Larry), Leni (Helen/e)Ludwig  (Lewis/Louis)Margit (Martha)Matthias (Mathew)Nastasja (Anastasia),Nils (Nick)Ninja (neen-ya, Nina)Peer (Peter)Reinhold (Reginald)Renate (Renee)Rolf (Rudolph)Rà ¼diger/Rudi (Roger, Rudolph)Sepp (form of Joseph)Silke (Frisian form of Cecily/Cecilia)Steffi (Stephanie)Thea (short form of Doroth ea)Theo (Theodore) Wim (form of Wilhelm).   Female German  First Names These female german names do not have an English equivalent. Ada/AddaAdelheid (Heidi is the familiar form)Astrid, Beate, Brunhild(e)Dagmar (from Danish)DietrunEffi/Elfriede/ElfiEike (also male)ElkeFraukeFriedel (related to Elfriede)GerdaGerlindeGertrud(e)GiselaGunthild(e)HarmkeHedwigHeidrunHeikeHelgaHilde/HildegardHildrunHilkeImkeIrmaIrmgardIrmtraudIngeborgKaiKriemhildLudmillaMarleneMathildeMeinhildOttilieRoswithaSentaSieglindeSigridSigrunSonjaTanja (from Russian)ThedaTilla/TilliTraudeTrudiUlrikeUnaUrsula/UschiUte/UtaWaltraudWilhelmineWinifred Male First Names These male german names do not have an English equivalent. AchimBodo/Bot(h)oDagobert (no, not Dogbert!)Detlef/DetlevDieter,DietmarDirkEberhardEckehard/EckartEgonEmil (masculine form of Emily,  Emilio in Span)EngelbertErhard/ErhartFalkoGandolfGerd/Gert,Golo, Gunt(h)erGustav (from Swedish)Hartmut,HartwigHelgeHelmutHolger (from Danish)HorstIngomarJoachim (Achim)KaiKnutManfredNorbertOdo/UdoOtmarOttoRainer (rye-ner)ReinholdSiegfriedSiegmund/SigmundSà ¶nkTorsten/ThorstenTillUlfUlrich/UliUweVeitVilmarVolkerWaldemarWern(h)erWielandWigandWolfgangWolfram

Billingtons The Frontier and the American Character essays

Billingtons The Frontier and the American Character essays Historical interpretations are constantly being created, modified and refuted. One of the more controversial hypotheses in American history was put forth by Frederick Jackson Turner in what is known as The Frontier Thesis. In the Frontier Thesis, Turner states that the American character was shaped by the constant availability of new land. This interpretation has been vigorously questioned and defended in the past several decades. Historian Ray Allen Billington discusses Turners thesis in The Frontier and the American Character. Billington admits that while the Turner thesis has some significant shortcomings, as a whole the thinking behind the document was correct. The Frontier Thesis contains three significant flaws. Turner contends that the westward expansion was an orderly procession of civilization, marching single file. Billington notes that this comment was an oversimplification of what actually occurred. The westward expansion was far more complex. A second miscalculation by Turner was calling the land free. Billington explains that for every newcomer who obtained a homestead from the government, six or seven purchased farms from speculators. A final defect in Turners thinking is his contention that the frontier served as a safety valve for eastern workers fleeing industrial depressions. The factory laborers did not have enough capital to start a farm as they were making a mere dollar a day and they needed approximately $1,000 to create a farm. However, Billington notes that the Turner rationale is not without merit. The Frontier Thesis, while clearly not correct that the environment alone shaped the American immigrant into the New Man, does make several compelling points. Billington compared America to Australia to point out the validity of the safety valve contention. In Australia, the land beyond the costal plains ...